VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS' India pages

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English Company officials seriously contemplated how to eradicate the communal animosity that persisted like an enigma in South Malabar. This issue must be understood differently from how modern Indian officials might approach a social calamity in India. ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The Mappila attacks in the 1830s exhibited distinct characteristics. One notable trait was that these attackers were unwilling to be captured alive or to surrender. Several reasons may account for this behaviour. However, what stands out here is the historica...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English administration could not overhaul the social fabric of South Malabar and move forward. Land was held by landlords, much of which was leased out. Among those who leased this land were not only Nairs and Thiyyas but also wealthy Mappila individuals,...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif With the end of Mysore rule, for some time, the English Company and local kings jointly governed both North and South Malabar as partners. As mentioned earlier, the English Company officials faced a significant challenge in two taluks of South Malabar. During...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The backdrop of today’s Hindu-Mappila communal tensions is as follows: From those who were entirely enslaved under the old Hindu (Brahmin) order to both makkathayam (patrilineal) and marumakkathayam (matrilineal) Thiyyas, many began shifting away from their t...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In South Malabar, the Mappila attacks on the Brahmin side were distinctly confined to two specific taluks: Ernad and Valluvanad. To be more precise, these attacks occurred within a 15-mile radius of Pandalur Hill. Only one or two incidents took place outside ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am currently reading The Moplah Rebellion and Its Genesis, a research thesis written by Conrad Wood, a left-leaning social scientist from England, published in 1987. While Wood appears to blame "British colonialism" when discussing the Mappila Reb...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif From approximately 1836 to 1854, I have gathered from the Malabar Manual that around 29 Mappila attacks occurred in Malabar, primarily in South Malabar. Some incidents also took place after 1854. It does not appear that any of the 29 attacks I have listed wer...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif There is a tendency among some thesis writers and formal historians to use terms like "colonial administration" or "British colonial rule" when referring to the English administration in South Asia, unnecessarily misleading readers. (It sh...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In South Malabar, many lower-class individuals converted to Islam and progressed significantly, both socially and personally. The political environment enabling this transformation was provided by the English administration in Malabar. However, it does not se...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In a certain region, there are a number of small-scale workers. They perform household tasks in the homes of many wealthy individuals, earning meager wages. The homeowners view them as filth, not allowing them to sit on chairs and requiring them to eat on the...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is often said that Islam views kafirs as enemies. In ancient times, there may have been a general understanding among people that enemies should be killed. If the Quran records an opposition to kafirs, I am unaware of the context or circumstances in which ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif From around the 1830s, there seems to have been a persistent state of confrontation in South Malabar between certain groups of Mappilas and some members of the Brahmin faction. Before delving deeper into this matter, it is necessary to clearly define the comm...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It seems the last piece was posted in May 2021. Today is 18ᵗʰ November. The topic being written about then was the historical event known as the Mappila Rebellion in South Malabar. At that time, ideas flowed into my mind like a stream. But now, looking within...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif When reflecting on the violent acts of Mappila or Muhammadan lower-class individuals, it becomes necessary to consider social and political revolutions. Let’s think about the freedom struggle of Palestinians today. It seems their language is Arabic. It appear...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In India, historical writing today is centred on the nation-state of India as it exists now. In this way, anything can be written relatively. For example, with the notion that we are sitting at the centre of the universe, we can measure and interpret the move...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Society is undergoing unprecedented upheaval and fragmentation. Two distinct invasions by Mysoreans seemed to have uprooted those at the social bottom, giving the impression of lifting them upward. However, Mysore rule did not last long. Their local officials...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Highly informed individuals who view Hindi imperialism in South Asia as a grand national consciousness often portray the Mappila outbreaks in Malabar as reactions to English rule and part of a national freedom struggle. However, in the 1800s, it’s unlikely th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif For thousands of years, various communities have ruled different parts of South Asia in diverse ways. Remember, there was no India back then. Today, formal histories divide the past into ancient India, medieval India, and modern India for study purposes. Whil...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I have come across some writings by Muhammadan scholars about the Mappila outbreaks in South Malabar during the 1800s. These appear to be PhD doctoral theses. They seem of low quality, lacking depth, and written with poor English proficiency. A brief note on ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Saiyid Fazl Thangal was a person of Arab lineage. It can be believed to some extent that he sought to exemplify and propagate Muhammad’s character traits. However, social behaviours in that region are caught and sustained in the flow of words within the local...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I have not conducted an in-depth study of the Mappila outbreaks in South Malabar during the 1800s. However, such topics occasionally catch attention while reading other materials. Among writings by locals, some appear to be authored by those aligned with Hind...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Society operates within a feudal language framework. In this social environment, landlords lease agricultural land to cultivators. When renting out land, houses, or commercial spaces, the hierarchical distinctions in feudal language codes often persist betwee...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us now briefly review Mr. Strange’s social study report. I have not seen the report itself, but it is referenced in the Malabar Manual. First, it must be noted that in South Asia’s known historical period, it is unclear whether there was ever a tendency t...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is somewhat simplistic to say that the English Company failed to understand South Malabar. In truth, they did not fully comprehend South Asia itself. South Asia does not exhibit the flat social landscape seen through the English language. Instead, it is a ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In South Malabar, some Mappilas were attacking the Brahmin faction in a communal manner. Defining this as Islamic communalism or terrorism has several shortcomings. Society harboured some harsh realities. First, the brutal feudal language. Second, the extreme...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In Malabar, particularly South Malabar, communal violence erupted intermittently. Multiple factors contributed to growing tensions and psychological stress within society, each playing a role in creating social issues. The English Company administration envis...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In South Malabar, numerous issues related to land ownership persisted within society. It seems the English officials failed to grasp the true nature of these matters. The intricate barriers, taboos, directional codes, hierarchies, deep chasms, sharp edges, an...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The reality is that laws, police, and courts alone cannot reform a society. In a population with a diabolical linguistic disposition, no matter how many beneficial measures are introduced, their reactions, interactions, and provocations will always flow throu...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The invasions by Hyder Ali and Sultan Tipu from Mysore caused significant upheavals in Malabar’s social order, leading to revolutionary disruptions without clear foundations. It seems many who were long enslaved converted to Islam and acquired land. However, ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif For the lower-class Mappilas of South Malabar, who were rising mentally, physically, culturally, and socially through Islam, the presence of Saiyid Fazl Thangal, standing in a divine spiritual position, must have been a tremendous source of mental strength. I...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is unclear whether manuals like the Malabar Manual were created for every district in the Madras Presidency, but it is known that such manuals were produced in several districts. It seems the Madras Presidency government issued a general order to compile t...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif At that time, various regions of South Asia were gradually coming under the English Company’s rule. Each region presented its own unique issues. The early decision of the English East India Company’s Director Board was to avoid taking over governance in any r...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It must be understood that from around 1836, the English administration could not discern the precise reasons behind incidents in parts of South Malabar where Mappilas attacked Hindus (Namboodiris), along with their associates, the Ambalavasis and Nairs. It a...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It was said that when Islam spread among the lower classes, it caused alarm among others, but the same phenomenon did not occur when English spread among them. However, the matter concerning English needs further clarification. When Islam spread in South Mala...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif When discussing the Muslims of Malabar, matters tend to veer into highly complex territories. Addressing these matters here and now would require delving into history, which this writer is not yet prepared to do. For now, this writing remains focused on the e...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us focus solely on the lower-caste communities in southern Malabar who converted to Islam. They were not the only Mohammedans in the region. Namboodiris, Ambalavasis, and Nairs who embraced Islam may also have existed, alongside distinct Arab families. Th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The Malabar Manual frequently praises Nairs, often comparing them to modern Indian police constables. It describes them as maintaining peace, law, and order in small kingdoms, regulating conflicts and rivalries among lower communities, overseeing them, preven...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The year is 2021, marking 100 years since the Mappila Rebellion. If what was studied for the IAS is accurate, like other freedom struggle celebrations, the Mappila Rebellion should be commemorated with great fervor as a centennial event. Moreover, it is heard...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The Mappila Rebellion was a communal riot that erupted around 1921 in parts of southern Malabar, specifically in Ernad, Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Calicut taluks. In the early months of 1921, the unrest spread rapidly from mosque to mosque and village to villag...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In June 1947, Malabar Muslim League representatives met Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Delhi for the last time. Their request to create a Mappilastan in Malabar did not seem acceptable to Jinnah. He reportedly dismissed it as something that could only exist in an ove...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif When local movements clashed, English rule became a trump card for all to exploit. The grand delusion of self-proclaimed intellectuals was that foreigners had seized the great India. These so-called enlightened minds ignored the fact that, through highly effi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It appears that Kerala Jaiyathul Ulema is likely the Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama. This organisation, I believe, originated in Malabar, though I am not certain. While it primarily focuses on religious matters, at its annual conference in 1947, it declared its fai...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the autobiography of a Namboodiri, revolutionary party leader, and later Chief Minister of Kerala for a brief period, there are certain sentences written about escaping from the manor in Elamkulam during the Mappila rebellion and returning to the manor a f...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The political leaders of the time aimed to plunge British Malabar and the entirety of British India into a historical upheaval, akin to the Niagara Falls cascading all its waters into an unfathomable abyss, dragging everything toward a Hindi-dominated rule. T...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It cannot be said with certainty that throughout known history, South Asia had clearly defined kingdoms and their subjects in the manner we understand today. While historical texts may speak of great empires, emperors, and monarchs, it does not seem that any ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif By the early 1900s, local politicians and social elites in British India began to realize they could govern the region. Many who had visited England and returned harbored ambitions beyond mere governance. The English East India Company had built a nation in S...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The third decision mentioned from the first District Muslim League Council held in Tellicherry in 1937 was: 3. The plan to make the poem Vande Mataram the national anthem of British India should be abandoned. The notion that British India was governed solely ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The second request made by the first District Muslim League Council held in Tellicherry in 1937 was to establish a special electoral system for Mohammedans in local boards and municipalities, to be enshrined in the Madras Local Boards Act and the Madras Distr...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the previous section, three decisions made at the first District Muslim League Council held in Tellicherry in 1937 were highlighted. These were requests directed at the English administration. It must be clearly understood that these requests were made to ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In an era where Indian academic employees, amassing exorbitant salaries and numerous unearned privileges, point out the alleged thousand faults of the English administration in South Asia, I will seize this opportunity to clarify what actually transpired duri...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the 1930s, both the Congress and the Muslim League were vying for the support of Malabar’s Mohammedans. While we may speak of British India or British Malabar, it was likely clear to many locals that the English administration had adopted a self-destructiv...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Not only in British Malabar but across British India, the English administration existed in name only. Most government officials were British-Indian citizens. Some individuals from neighbouring states may have also secured government positions in British Indi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is understood that there were certain differences in the population between North Malabar and South Malabar. It appears that those in the north harboured a sense of superiority over those in the south. This attitude was particularly evident among the Nairs...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English colonial history had certain distinctive features. The English colonial administration accomplished many things worldwide that no other system, whether local or colonial, had done. One such feature was this: in regions under English administration...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In 1922, an organisation named the Aikya Sangam, or Unity Association, was reportedly formed as a Mohammedan reform organisation. Official history indicates that, in British India, various reform organisations aligned with the definition of Hinduism had emerg...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English administration’s creation of British India effortlessly fostered a new nationalist sentiment of a unified Indian nation. The English themselves designed and provided the conditions for this idea to sprout, grow, and flourish. Alongside this unprec...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English term political pragmatism refers to a philosophy that determines value based on practical outcomes. It implies flexibility in principles, adapting policies for immediate gains. In electoral politics, this means saying or doing anything to secure v...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Northern British India was rife with communalism and casteist ideologies. As Malabar was part of British India, these social maladies began seeping in from the north. The antics of prominent South Asian figures and movements also started infiltrating Malabar....

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif For ages, this subcontinent has witnessed ceaseless conflicts—large and small—marked by invasions, betrayals, and more. Victory at any cost is paramount; defeat risks consigning even a great individual or family to the humiliating labels of “nee,” “eda,” “edi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English administration quietly achieved significant feats in British India without fanfare or war cries. It implemented schemes to educate the masses, enacted laws, built roads and pathways free of caste considerations, and constructed dams. It establishe...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English administration melded countless regions, communities, and kingdoms with no historical ties, creating what was locally known as British India. Many princely states adjacent to this India were loosely associated with the term. Aligning with areas un...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In South Asia, the English administration, for the first time in history, introduced various freedoms in British India, enabling many to rise as prominent leaders. Malabar began connecting with regions it had no historical ties to. This allowed divisive ideol...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The Malabar Manual contains the following passage: QUOTE : Socially the cultivators are subjected (particularly if they are Hindus) to many humiliations and much tyrannical usage by their landlord. This observation is understood to be William Logan’s own. The...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Indian academic intellectuals claim that the English administration was responsible for all manner of wickedness in South Asia, a region steeped in profound malevolence for ages. However, blaming them alone is futile, as every political opportunist has echoed...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif From around the 1830s, many officials of the English administration in Malabar pondered deeply over why certain Mappilas in South Malabar harboured such intense animosity towards Hindu landlords (Namboodiris), their temple-dwelling kin, their overseer Nayars,...

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1. When feudal tongues clashed from opposing corners 2. If the military leadership had been local 3. On the experience akin to a wild beast’s bite 4. Introducing northern politicians as great souls 5. Freeing slaves provokes retaliation from slave owners 6. On the farce of satyagraha and more 7. Th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif For many educated and informed people in the new nation of India, events from the decades just before their birth appear as half-dark images in their minds. These shadowy images are illuminated by formal textbooks, films, newspapers, and magazines. “What’s th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It seems that a good percentage of people have little knowledge about events just before their birth. The main reason might be that their minds are preoccupied with the necessities of daily life. However, through subtle and covert means, interested parties ma...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I cannot write about the Mappila riot, a communal clash in South Malabar, in this piece, as this writer lacks precise details of the events that transpired. However, it seems various police cases and court judgments from that time are available on archive.org...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the English-ruled regions of South Asia, there was a distinctive feature: anyone could rise to leadership. One could organise agitations with political goals, using protests, clamour, public speeches, and notice distribution to gain attention. From there, ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English administration sought to introduce ideas of social equality, human rights, individual dignity, and more into a society where the prevailing ideology was that the strong and influential hold sway. In this subcontinent, cunning and sharp-wittedness ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let me speak of South Asia. It doesn’t seem that the people of the Islamic faith were a unified group. Sunnis and Shias have clashed in the northern parts of South Asia for ages. Among the Slave Dynasty sultans who ruled Delhi, there were significant massacre...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In Cannanore, the Arakkal family, along with other Muhammadans in the vicinity who share Greek bloodlines, the Keyi family in Tellicherry, Mappilas in North and South Malabar with Arab bloodlines, Mappilas from Namboodiri-Ambalavasi-Nair family lines, Mappila...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I plan to briefly examine the life experiences of Malabari Muslims from the early 20th century (1900 onwards) until the period when Malabar was annexed to Travancore. CPS, born in 1927 in Tellicherry, North Malabar, studied in an English convent there and lat...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I have heard the term niskarathazhambu. It refers to a small mark or scar-like spot on the forehead of men who regularly pray at the mosque. Some Muslims seem to consider this mark a clear sign of the person’s religious faith, devotion to God, and honesty. Th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am adding a few more words related to Malabari Muslims that I have heard and have in mind. Mahal : It seems to refer to the area where Muslims live under the jurisdiction of a specific mosque committee. A’oodhu : I understand it means "I seek refuge in...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am mentioning some expressions heard in the past related to Malabari Muslims. First, Sunnath . It seems Sunnath refers to the lifestyle and practices demonstrated or taught by Muhammad (the Prophet). It also feels like a word closely associated with somethi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am continuing the account based on the limited information gained through hearsay about Malabari Muslims. First, let us look at a few expressions commonly found among Malabari Muslims: Kolkali, Oppana, Mappilappattu. Kolkali seems to be a dance performed wi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif https://youtu.be/7pEVtJKno2s In Volume 9 , Chapter 15 of this writing, I discussed various matters related to worship among the lower-class Christians of Travancore. Similarly, in Volume 9 , Chapter 16, I addressed similar matters within the Hindu (Brahmin) r...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif https://youtu.be/R1ENNpZ6Um4?si=aFEfEk1UhNDdyANQ I am continuing with miscellaneous matters related to Mappilas. However, before that, it seems appropriate to discuss some points concerning cow worship in Malabar and, moreover, in South Asia. This is because ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is said that he claimed to be the Mahdi Imam, believed to appear in the last days of the world. Although the Ahmadiyya movement exists today as an independent movement in many parts of the world, orthodox Islam does not recognise these people as followers ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif More needs to be said about Muhammadans in South Asia in general and Malabar’s Mappilas in particular. I, this writer, write within the limits of my knowledge, but without restraining thoughts or reflections. Below is a quoted passage: Tharawadikal, Tharawatt...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let me address a matter concerning the slave trade. Many today believe the English were solely responsible for the slave trade, which is nearly 100% incorrect. However, formal historical records provide evidence to refute this. I plan to delve into this topic...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The conversion of many Cherumars and other lower-caste groups in South Malabar to Islam likely brought significant changes in their mental outlook. For individuals who had no social value, living like mere cattle on landlords’ fields, sleeping and sitting on ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I had not intended to write about the Mappilas now. However, as this topic has come up in the course of writing, it has become necessary to include it at this juncture. When writing history, it naturally becomes necessary to include details about the Mappilas...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif What follows is about another group of Mappilas. Individuals of Arab descent, working on Arab trading dhows and sailing ships, likely married lower-caste women and others along the Malabar coast, raising children in modest, habitable huts. From these children...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Readers should note that this writer has very limited knowledge on this subject. The following is based solely on hearsay and a few passages from the Malabar Manual. There may be additional details beyond this that the writer is unaware of. In British Malabar...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the 1970s, while visiting Alleppey in Travancore, I learned that the term “Mappila” referred to Christians, specifically Syrian Christians, in that region. This seemed significant, though I also noticed many words in Travancore’s language differed starkly ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us return to the flow of the narrative. During the English rule, Brahmin and royal families who converted to Islam likely existed in both North and South Malabar. However, even higher in status were Muslim families carrying pure Arab blood, as documented ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif While Malabar’s Muslim community is commonly referred to as Mappilas, it is understood that they encompass diverse heritages. Today’s Mappilas likely carry a mix of varied ancestral bloodlines from these different backgrounds. However, elite Malabar Muslims, ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The narrative has been exploring the social atmosphere that Mr. Govindan, born and raised in Tellicherry , witnessed and experienced in his surroundings, as well as in North and South Malabar. Govindan belonged to the Marumakkathaya Thiyya community, known in...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am concluding the discussion on the Nairs. Only a few points remain in my mind. During the Mysore invasions, many from the Cherumars to the Makkathaya Thiyyas in South Malabar converted to Islam. The English administration followed soon after these invasion...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am about to conclude the discussion on the Nairs, but a couple more points need to be added. Firstly, when the English Company merged South Malabar and North Malabar to establish the Malabar district and introduced written legal systems, the Nairs, along wi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif This writing is now moving through matters concerning the Nairs. However, some thoughts related to the previous chapter have come to mind, and I intend to note them here before proceeding. What I wish to discuss is the Hindu-Muslim communal conflict observed ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif For the proponents of Arabian Islam, there may have been a belief that converting communities perceived as more primitive to Islam could culturally elevate them. However, this is often not entirely feasible. It has been noted with some surprise in the Malabar...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Before continuing with this writing, I must share an insight that has come to mind. In Volume 13 of this work, in the chapter titled ‘On the Kalarippayattu expertise found among some Nairs’, I had reflected on how the roots of Kalarippayattu might have spread...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif First, let’s examine why Nayars did not return to their traditional spirituality, social behaviours, and family customs. Then, we’ll explore why Christianity and Islam, both forcibly and otherwise, converted or allowed foreign peoples to join their faiths. Al...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Can it be said that the Mysoreans, by converting some Ambalavasis, Nayars, Mappila Thiyyas, Pulayas, Pariahs, Cherumars, and others in Malabar to Islam, forcibly converted Hindus to Islam? None of the communities mentioned above were truly Hindus at that time...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It may indeed be true that Hyder Ali and, later, his son Tipu, forcibly converted many Nayars in Malabar to Islam. Quote from Malabar Manual: Parappanad, also "Tichera Terupar, a principal Nayar of Nelemboor” and many other persons, who had been carried ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It may indeed be true that Hyder Ali and, later, his son Tipu, forcibly converted many Nayars in Malabar to Islam. Quote from Malabar Manual: Parappanad, also "Tichera Terupar, a principal Nayar of Nelemboor” and many other persons, who had been carried ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The invisible command-obedience link existing in the Indian Army and South Asia is termed Indicant Vector Route Segments (IVRS). तू आप्प् 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 👇👆 In the feudal languages of South Asia, just as there exists an invisible high-low ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Quote from Malabar and Anjengo: The large admixture of Aryan blood combined with the physical peculiarities of the country would go far to explain the very marked difference between the Nayar of the present day, and what may be considered the corresponding Dr...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The starting point of the Nairs’ personality and mental state may have been from the lowest level of the Indicant Index Number (IIN). Later, as they began to gain control over lower-class people, their IIN level rose through generations, and some among them m...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the previous writing, I mentioned that the personality, physical structure, facial expressions, and other aspects of every individual in India are shaped in accordance with the definition of a specific proportional standard of the word forms Avaru (highest...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Quote: When a person, who is usually addressed by everyone as "Nee" (lowest you), "eda" (pejorative you), or merely by name, is suddenly addressed in another setting as "Sir," "Brother," "Avaru" (highest level...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It seems that the English administration did not fully grasp the true rationale, justification, or encouragement behind the social custom allowing Nair women to form short-term relationships with Namboodiris. However, the broader truth is that many aspects of...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let me revisit the point mentioned at the end of the previous writing. Words like Namboodiri, Bhattathiri, Pattar, Chakyar, Nambiar, Variar, and Nair refer to individuals from specific social groups in Malabar, positioned above Theeyars in the social hierarch...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The English administration in Malabar gradually took hold, impacting various Nair sub-groups to varying degrees, both minor and significant. The introduction of written laws, a police force, and, moreover, the perception of all citizens as equals with the sam...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Quote: “ A similar incident occurred towards the end of the Second World War, which will be discussed in the next section. ” End of Quote. This was mentioned in the previous section. I intend to elaborate on it here before moving forward. During the Second Wo...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It should not be assumed that the Nairs remained uniform in character across centuries. On one hand, there were concerns about new groups entering Nair ranks in various small kingdoms. On another, different levels of Namboodiri families viewed them as subordi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The extraordinary courage and personal charisma inherent among the Nairs have already been discussed. What I am about to write may not be pleasing to some Nairs. However, it must be specifically noted that all communities mentioned in this writing have been a...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us once again examine how the Nairs were described among primitive folk. They are the handsomest, most shapely, best proportioned men I ever saw. They are of a dusky olive colour, and all tall and lusty; moreover, they are the best soldiers in the world, ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif https://victoria.org.in/img/books/g/55.jpg The French ethnographer Elie Reclus wrote a book titled Primitive Folk: Studies in Comparative Ethnology in the 1800s. A cursory glance through this book reveals several observations about the Nairs. It does not seem...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the previous writing, the reader might recall a sentence from Johnston’s Relations of the most famous Kingdom in the world (1611 Edition), quoted in the Malabar Manual. QUOTE: Their continual delight is in their weapon, ... END OF QUOTE. Reading this sente...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I will now examine some ancient writings that grandly praise the Nayars. Before quoting them, I wish to remind the reader of one thing. The term "Nayar" may be a title that various distinct castes claimed and later regarded as their hereditary right...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif 3. The third Nayar caste in Travancore is the Swarupam Nayars. They are the servants of the Kshatriya families in Travancore. As they are positioned under the Namboodiris as servants of the Kshatriyas, they rank socially lower than the Illakkar Nayars. In the...

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Contents 1. About the nairs who got degraded through their occupation 2. On the kalarippayattu expertise found among Nayars 3. The matter of great weapon skill and excessive bravery 4. Why the greatly courageous Nairs fled and hid 5. Like tall bamboo poles planted in the marshy region 6. Contradict...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I must now discuss the Nairs in Travancore. For this, I am examining Travancore State Manual Vol. 2. Certain points are clearly evident in Travancore State Manual Vol. 2. Firstly, there is a new claim emerging subtly in this second volume that British-Malabar...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In North Malabar, there is mention of a community called Yogi-Gurukkals. Within the local social framework, such as the Ernipadi system, they are considered to be among the lowest strata. Strangely, however, they neither transmit nor carry distance pollution....

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us now consider the various communities among those claiming to be Nairs who occupy the lowest strata. Some of these may have been of high status long ago. However, upon migrating to Malabar or otherwise, they may have failed to secure or maintain the soc...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif From its early days, the English Company in Malabar worked toward social reform and establishing an honest administrative system. However, they were likely overwhelmed by the intricate, hidden codes of social obedience and invisible connections permeating eve...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In North Malabar, elite Nair subgroups maintained highly complex family systems with intricate social relationships, as detailed in Malabar and Anjengo. These elite Nairs organized themselves into kulams (akin to tharavads), which were exogamous, meaning they...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Observing Nairs is like watching a colony of ants. Each ant performs distinct tasks, but most view the colony as a single entity. A closer look reveals a complex social structure with hierarchies, roles of authority, subservience, servitude, and oppression, a...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Continuing with the details about Kiriyathil (Kiryattil) Nairs in South Malabar: Ordinary members of this group typically used only “Nair” after their names. However, some among them adopted titles like Panikkar, Kurup, or Nambiar. According to Malabar and An...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us now examine the various subgroups among Nairs, drawing from the previously mentioned texts. These sources carry both potential inaccuracies and profound insights, which may reflect in the details presented here. A key observation from these texts is th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif As previously discussed, Nairs likely stem from diverse ethnic origins, with various potential ancestries already mentioned. Another relevant detail emerges from Native Life in Travancore. When the British established British India and their systems influence...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The Travancore State Manual contains the following passage: QUOTE: From the prevalence to a large extent of serpent worship in Malabar, some writers identify the Nayars with some of the Naga tribes of Scythian origin. In support of this theory is mentioned th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Foreign travelers and English East India Company officials recognized that in Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore, certain groups worked under Namboodiris in Brahmin temples, while others served as overseers in society. They likely understood that temple workers ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The focus now shifts to the Nairs, drawing primarily on three historical texts: Malabar Manual, Malabar and Anjengo, and Travancore State Manual Vol. 2. Writing about the Nairs will likely be a lengthy endeavor, and I plan to approach it with the same deliber...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It seems that today’s Nairs are not a distinct ethnic group. Long ago, they were likely a group appointed as overseers and subordinates under the Namboodiris. Over time, some who migrated to Malabar and Travancore, were brought by force, or arrived due to unf...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif https://youtu.be/u1EuSYLhb7Y?si=hHfTlD_a-LcGxCzZ Video details: A short clip from YouTube 🧚‍♂️ to substantiate the fact that there was little connection between the various parts of present-day Kerala in the days before India was formed. I now intend to write...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Among the Kshatriya families of Travancore, the next to be discussed are the Thampans and the Thirumulpads. The term Thampan is believed to have originated from the contraction of the word Thampuran. It is thought that they were once a ruling class, with thei...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In discussing Travancore’s Kshatriya families, we now turn to the Raja families. Except for the royal families of Pandalam and Poonjar, all other Raja families in Travancore were bound by pula relationships. This means they were obligated to observe pula (rit...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let’s now turn to the Kshatriya families of Travancore. Before that, I’d like to clarify a point about Malabar’s Kshatriya families for greater accuracy. According to the 1881 census, Malabar had 362 Puranattu (foreign) Kshatriyas. These Puranattu or Rajput K...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif There are still many temple functionary (Ambalavasikal) groups left to discuss, but I’ve decided not to delve further into them. Let’s move on to other communities. When I decided to write about South Asian history from an empathetic perspective on some day i...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let me now write about Marars. The terms Maran and Marar are both used, similar to how Theeyan and Theeyar are used. It feels like the difference between saying oruthan (one person) and oruthar (a person) in Malabar. The former might imply onum (singular), an...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I did not intend to write so extensively about temple functionaries (Ambalavasikal). Having written this much, my mind is already cluttered with complex information. Therefore, I aim to briefly cover a bit more about them and return to the general flow of the...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let me now discuss Theeyattunnis, or Theeyattu Nambiars. They were reportedly Brahmins originally. However, due to the perceived low status of their profession, they were relegated to the category of temple functionaries (Ambalavasikal). The low status likely...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The temple functionaries (Ambalavasikal) are listed here as per the following hierarchy. However, slight variations in this hierarchy can be observed in the old English texts mentioned multiple times in this writing, as well as in other online sources. There ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The details about Chakyar Koothu to be written here are drawn from Travancore State Manual Vol. 2. Thus, it should be understood that they pertain specifically to Travancore. Although the author uses the term Malabar, it seems likely that it was employed to a...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I intend to write a bit more extensively about Chakyar Koothu now. I note here that the information I am about to record is sourced from Travancore State Manual Vol. 2. In other words, I am stating that I had no prior knowledge of these details before this. L...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Next, let’s discuss the Chakyars. The Travancore State Manual Vol. 2 provides several details about them, while the Malabar Manual only briefly mentions them. However, Malabar and Anjengo dedicates a few more words to them. The Travancore State Manual Vol. 2 ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Now, let me discuss the Pushpakan, one of the Ambalavasi groups. The first thing to note about them is that there are multiple distinct subgroups within the Pushpakan. This means that, over many centuries, various communities may have been assigned to the sam...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It feels that Ambalavasis were not household servants in Namboodiri homes. It seems that the servants in Namboodiri illams were Nairs. However, since both groups served the Namboodiris, they were established above the many communities defined as lower castes....

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In Travancore State Manual Vol. 2, five groups are mentioned among the Ambalavasi castes in Travancore that are not found in the list of Ambalavasis in Malabar: Pooppalli Brahmani or Daivampadi Pilappalli Nattuppattar Kurukkal At the same time, two groups lis...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Though one might say Ambalavasis are those who live in temples, the precise meaning of the term likely refers to those who work in temple-related activities as their daily occupation and source of income, earning a regular livelihood from it. It should be und...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Before I start writing about the Ambalavasis, let me explain who the Samantans are. Information about them has now been gathered from Malabar and Anjengo. The details about the Samantans came from the same sources where I read about the Ambalavasis. In both N...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Moving downward from the Namboodiris, we gradually encounter those known as Ambalavasis. In the previous writing, I noted: QUOTE: Some castes below Brahmins are collectively called Antharala castes, including Kshatriyas, Samantans, and Ambalavasis. END OF QUO...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Now, moving away from Namboodiris, I intend to examine the communities beneath them individually. Before that, let me address how the caste system, encoded in transcendental software systems, manifests in the physical world. To illustrate, I’ll quote a few se...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Namboodiris are understood to be the regional Brahmins of Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore. The strong presence of these groups at the social apex in these three regions likely explains the perceived historical and social connection among them. The communities...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the Brahmanical traditions, the next among the sixteen rites is antyeshti, which pertains to post-death rituals. These are the customary practices to be performed after a person’s death. Remember, these are rituals tied to the spirituality of a Vedic-era c...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the Brahmanical traditions, the next among the sixteen rites is sannyasa (renunciation). The demonic nature inherent in feudal languages fosters, in those who speak them, a propensity for incompetence, intense competitiveness, and a tendency to harbour emo...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In the Brahmin tradition, the next among the sixteen rites is Vanaprastha. The term literally means living in the forest. However, it is written that this is not the intended meaning. It is stated that Vanaprastha involves taking a vow to live outside the hom...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is observed that the next in the sixteen rites is the householder life. It appears that this is the state where an adult, along with their family, lives in their own home, engaging in occupations for daily sustenance. It is not precisely known what occupat...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The remaining Shodasha Kriya ceremonies among the Namboodiris include marriage, householdership, forest-dwelling, renunciation, and final rites. Before delving into the flow of my writing, I must reiterate that the Shodasha Kriya system may represent the cust...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Creating a miniature old England in Malabar, or reviving a bygone British-Malabar, may fall under the category of humanly impossible endeavours. However, the lowly Pariah individual from Malabar, with profound proficiency in the English language, mentioned in...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Living outside the framework of the surrounding society and nation, in a manner contrary to its social structure, is almost entirely impossible in feudal language regions. Individuals gain a slight degree of freedom and a state of detachment from the rigid bo...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Feudal languages shape a social ladder, with each person standing on its various rungs as part of the structure itself. This ladder is an element of the framework that designs the societal form. If we consider this depiction more intricately, we can imagine t...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The next rite in the Shodasha Kriya is the marriage ceremony. Before proceeding to it, I believe it’s worthwhile to briefly review the Shodasha Kriya ceremonies discussed thus far. 2.1 Garbhadhana ceremony 2.2 Pumsavana ceremony 2.3 Seemanthonnayana ceremony ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us now examine the next sentence in the quotation from the Taittiriya Upanishad. Quote: Never engage in sinful acts. End of Quote Such writings may lead a person into a moral dilemma. What constitutes a sin is a significant question in itself. It is under...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us now examine the other sentences in the quotation from the Taittiriya Upanishad. Quote: There should be no negligence in maintaining health or in acquiring expertise. There should be no error in increasing prosperity in the best manner. End of Quote The...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let us now examine the other sentences in the quotation from the Taittiriya Upanishad. Quote: There should be no negligence in studying or teaching. End of Quote This is a good point to make. However, it must be understood that this advice is clearly intended...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Let’s examine the words from the Taittiriya Upanishad quoted in the previous writing. These words relate to the social context of a different people from thousands of years ago. Moreover, they are a Malayalam translation of words written in another language. ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif https://victoria.org.in/img/books/g/53.jpg Image details: The painting (1859) is of unknown authorship. It is unclear what it represents. It could depict affection, devotion to the guru, gurukula education, blessings, or the atmosphere of a forest hermitage. ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The next in the shodasha kriyas is the vedarambha. Quoting from Wikipedia: Quote: The vedarambha samskara is conducted at home along with the upanayana, and the vidyarambha samskara is performed at the gurukula. End of Quote It appears that once a Namboodiri ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The next in the shodasha kriyas is the chudakarma samskara . Quoting from Wikipedia: Quote: This ritual is performed when the child is three years old, or earlier, or after completing one year, during the uttarayana period in a shukla paksha at an auspicious ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif https://victoria.org.in/img/books/g/51.jpg Image details: Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Image author: Rojypala In connection with the jathakarmasamskara mentioned in the previous writing, consider the following se...

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https://victoria.org.in/img/vol.png 1. About the filling up of the power of discipline and coordinated movement on some invisible realm 2. Swastika symbol, dual Aryans, rebirth, and celibacy in youth 3. Claims inside antiquity 4. The motives behind preserving vague ancient information as customs 5....

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About the Namboodiris, Ambalavasis, and Nairs of Malabar.

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The fourth step is Jathakarma Samskaram. The information below is drawn from the Wikipedia page, rewritten in my own words. Jathakarma Samskaram is performed before and after cutting the newborn’s umbilical cord. It aims to balance the mother’s mental and phy...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I hadn’t planned to write about the Shodasha Kriyakas, as I had no prior knowledge of them. However, it seems many who adhere to Hindu (Brahmin) traditions today may be well-versed in this, though I’m not certain. While reading about Ottullavar (permitted) an...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Namboodiris can be divided into two groups: Ottullavar (those permitted) and Ottillattavar (those not permitted). The term “Othu” likely refers to those entitled to study the Vedas and receive associated honors. It seems the term is also used for Mappila chil...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Among the Namboodiris, the next tier comprises the distinguished Namboodiris, divided into two groups: Agnihotris and Bhattathiris. Agnihotris, it seems, perform yajnas such as Agnidhyanam, Somayagam, and Athirathram. Those who conduct these yajnas reportedly...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In Vol 11, Chapter 43 of this writing, the following was noted: QUOTE: Before detailing the Smartha Vicharam in the Malabar Manual, it states: Quote: The episodes in the trial of a caste offence among Nambutiris are so curious, and throw such light on their w...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Namboodiris must unassailably maintain their social dignity and high status through feudal language words steeped in stark hierarchies. If lower classes begin referring to an Antharjanam as “lowest she is just a whore,” “a slut,” “a tramp,” or “a harlot,” the...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The accused woman, charged with a lapse in chastity, would be in a truly pitiable state. There would be immense pressure from all sides to admit the guilt as quickly as possible and be expelled beyond the gate. Her (highest level she) own family would no long...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Before detailing the Smartha Vicharam in the Malabar Manual, it states: The episodes in the trial of a caste offence among Nambutiris are so curious, and throw such light on their ways of thinking and acting... In reality, this claim is quite simplistic. Unle...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I base this writing on information from texts like the Travancore State Manual, Malabar and Anjengo, and Malabar Manual. The Malayalam writings found online today also somewhat confirm these details. However, one thing I always pay close attention to is absen...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Here, I quote what V. Nagam Aiya states about Smartha Vicharam in Travancore in Travancore State Manual Vol 2: QUOTE: The Smarta Vicharam or the system of enquiry into sexual offences prevalent among the Nambudiris is one of the most important of their instit...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am now going to write about Smartha Vicharam. Before that, a correction note needs to be added. In Vol 11, Chapter 32, I had written the following: QUOTE : It would have been better if there had been some tenet or principle allowing the eldest Namboodiri to...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In Malabar society back then, Namboodiris were of the highest status, much like IAS and IPS officers today. They distanced themselves from public social life. Consequently, Malabar society was often perceived as a land of Nairs. In every village and small tow...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Contemporary historical writings often fail to clearly explain the reasons behind the various changes that occurred in local communities across South Asia from around the 1700s. Some, claiming wealth and social superiority, lived almost as if imprisoned in th...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif When the English administration established control over nearly half of this subcontinent and introduced written laws, it had to confront diverse social customs in every region. Additionally, each caste had its own distinct social regulations. Above all, in e...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In a society where most women display their bosoms openly and many allow others to see and imagine their other physical charms, Namboodiri women face numerous difficulties by living entirely covered, only venturing outside under the strict supervision of a fe...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It is understood that the Kamasutra , written by Vatsyayana, is a Sanskrit text. This work is believed to have been composed centuries ago somewhere in northern South Asia. Although it is in Sanskrit, which might suggest that Namboodiris in Malabar could have...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It seems that Namboodiris also maintained Shiva temples. It should be noted that linga worship was part of this. The Shivalinga, in esoteric Vedic contexts, might involve codes granting supernatural abilities. In other words, there could be codes behind sexua...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif The situation of Namboodiri women was as follows: Many of them lived with their families in agraharas, settlements exclusively for Namboodiris. These can be compared, if one wishes, to modern-day barracks for sepoys, quarters for government clerks, or police ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Reader discretion requested - Vulgar words are present in this chapter. https://youtu.be/d1PqX2wVW0E?si=D1TcnAsp2Z6cc0SX The video provided above seems to depict the highly alluring life of a Nambudiri maiden. However, reality may not align with this portraya...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif Before the arrival of English administration in Malabar and certain other parts of South Asia, the lifestyle of Nambudiris may have been, to some extent, profoundly monotonous. The situation might be likened to that of today’s government office workers. Gover...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif I am unaware of how ancient Brahmins are portrayed in Indian cinema that glorifies the grandeur of old Hindu traditions, as I do not watch films. However, the images provided below are photographs of some Brahmins who lived in the southern part of South Asia ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif In 1901, during the English administration’s census, an attempt was made to count the members of each caste. This required clearly defining each caste, which was done based on social elevation and inferiority. However, this process led to significant complexi...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif It does not seem that this subcontinent ever had significant historical documentation, welfare state systems, mechanisms for the general progress of the populace, or movements aimed at public welfare, unlike other countries. In a layered social structure, tho...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif There is no need today to definitively consider the matters about to be discussed as unreal. In earlier times, phenomena like magical powers, visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, or receiving clear verbal responses through communication with transc...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif When a computer is switched on, the screen lights up. Various components within the computer begin to function. Clicking the mouse on a video icon starts the video. These are all external observations and experiences. However, there is nothing visible on the ...

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https://victoria.org.in/eclass/Malv.gif During the colonial period in South Asia, many English people felt that there was something intangible, unclear, and elusive in the social conditions and nature of this region. When comparing this society with England’s using mere technical terms, one could s...

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